GOSA Transactions
Transactions Volume XIII
Compiled by Jeff Cross
Abstract: Photographs and descriptive text are provided for several of the lesser-known geysers of Yellowstone. These geysers are either rare, are difficult or impossible to access today, or have been dormant for decades. These photographs and text provide a unique record of their activity.
By Demetri Stoumbos
Abstract: North Goggle had a year of high activity beginning on February 12, 2012, continuing through the summer, and having its last observed eruption of the year on October 9, 2012. It was found that North Goggle is intimately related to Lion Geyser, having eruptive series of minor and major eruptions during, or immediately following one of Lion. An intricate, yet regular, pattern of fill cycles was also observed.
By Stephen Michael Gryc
Abstract: Botryoidal Spring, located in the lower White Creek thermal area of the Lower Geyser Basin, underwent a dramatic change in 1996 when it began erupting explosively and frequently. This paper summarizes eighteen years of observation of Botyoidal Spring with a listing by year of the geyser’s average intervals and durations. A complete log is given for the author’s two and one-half hour observation of Botryoidal Spring on June, 30 2013. Note is also taken of other geyser activity in the lower White Creek area seen during the same observation.
By R.F. Keam and E.F. Lloyd
Abstract: No comprehensive, nor even any extensive, description of the post–1886–eruption development of surface geothermal activity in and around the Rotomahana Crater has previously been prepared, and what is presented here does not pretend to remedy such an omission. However, we do assemble at least an outline history of surface geothermal features of this area of New Zealand, and this has revealed where the greatest gaps in the story remain.
By Jeff Cross
Abstract: Hypotheses are proposed to explain geysers that erupt in series, have sympathetic eruptions, or exchange function.
By Tara Cross
Abstract: Many source materials about Yellowstone’s geysers state that Morning Geyser did not erupt between its brief active phase in April 1994 and its reactivation from dormancy in June 2012. This article presents evidence for seven previously undocumented eruptions of Morning Geyser in 2006, 2007, and 2012 based on analysis of Morning’s eruption patterns using electronic and visual data from October 2012 through October 2013.
Transactions Volume XII
Ralph Taylor
Abstract: In October 2009 thermal activity on the northwestern portion of Geyser Hill increased greatly. Activity of Depression Geyser, Lion Geyser, and Little Cub Geyser changed in character and frequency. This paper describes the changes noted in the electronically recorded eruption patterns of these geysers.
By Lynn Stephens
Abstract: This article provides information about durations of Beehive’s Indicator for 2009, a year when an eruption of Beehive’s Indicator was a reliable predictor of an impending eruption of Beehive Geyser. The duration of Beehive’s Indicator consists of two components—time between the start of the Indicator and start of Beehive’s eruption, or lead time, and time the Indicator continues after the start of Beehive, or continuation time. This article provides descriptive statistics about the total duration, lead time, and continuation time, and a quantitative analysis of the relationship between the lead time and continuation time, lead time exhibited by the Indicator and the duration of Beehive Geyser’s eruption, and the continuation time exhibited by the Indicator and the duration of Beehive Geyser’s eruption.
By Vicki Whitledge, Ralph Taylor, Trevor Hammann, Wai Ling Ho
Abstract: During the summer of 2009, extra data loggers were placed in the Grand Group. These loggers recorded the activity of Turban Geyser and Grand’s pool. Loggers were also in place on Grand Geyser, West Triplet Geyser, and Rift Geyser. This paper analyzes the data obtained from these five loggers and discusses some of the relationships between these features. The results of this study are compared with a similar study done during the summers of 2005 and 2006, with emphasis on the data acquired in 2006.
By Tara Cross
Abstract: Fan and Mortar geysers’ behavior during the active phase that lasted from June 2007 through October 2011 is summarized. Intervals, “event cycles,” and unusual behavior are described, including details about eruption cycles and a list of eruptions.
By Richard L. Powell
Abstract: Black Diamond Pool erupted on July 13, 2006 after a 45-year dormancy. The Wall Pool area had not been active since 1961. Black Diamond Pool continued to have eruptions that usually occurred without warning, were very violent, were of very short duration, and ranged from about 6 feet to as much as 100 feet in height. No pattern or interval between eruptions has been established because of a lack of continuous observations and an inability to keep monitoring sensors in the pool due to the violence of the eruptions. Rocks used as markers on the north shore of the pool in the summer of 2010 were generally not disturbed, indicating a significant decrease of energy in Black Diamond Pool. Black Diamond reactivated in late October 2011 with eruptions continuing into November.
By Stephen Michael Gryc
Abstract: Eighteen successive eruptions of White Dome Geyser were observed on June 19 of 2011. The recorded data show that there is little correlation between the intervals (which vary widely) and durations (which do not vary widely).
By Tara Cross and Rocco Paperiello
Abstract: This article presents the recorded history of King Geyser, West Thumb Geyser Basin. The available records suggest that King Geyser has been only sporadically active over the history of Yellowstone National Park, with active phases occurring in 1904–1905, the 1930s, 1997, and 2009–2010.
By Jeff Cross
Abstract: Yellowstone National Park contains at least 1,283 geysers. The efforts of the author are combined with the contributions of T. Scott Bryan, Rocco Paperiello, Marie Wolf, Lee Whittlesey, other individuals, and The Geyser Observation and Study Association, to compile a list of every geyser known to have erupted in Yellowstone National Park from the time of its establishment in 1872 through 2011.
By Jeff Cross
Abstract: During its brief period of activity in the early 1990s, Mickey Geyser was the only natural geyser in Oregon. The reports from 1990 through 1994 that are collected here show that Mickey Geyser began having eruptions to 1 foot in May of 1990. In March and May of 1991, Mickey Geyser had larger eruptions to 5 feet. At times, the intervals and durations were bimodal. By March of 1992, Mickey Geyser had regressed to a perpetual spouter. A new vent developed between March of 1992 and March of 1994.
By Marie Wolf and Rocco Paperiello
Abstract: Marie Wolf and Rocco Paperiello visited Mickey Hot Springs, Oregon on March 23, 1991. Their previously unpublished report on Mickey Geyser, including a table of their data and a map of the geyser’s crater, is reproduced here with a few typographical corrections.
By Richard L. Powell
Abstract: Crystal Geyser, located on the east bank of the Green River about four miles south of the city of Green River, Utah, is a test boring for petroleum completed in 1936. The well is a frequent producer of copious amounts of CO2-laden ground water. The boring quickly became known as “Crystal Geyser” because it had eruptions of white, foamy water. Eruptions from the well have progressively developed longer intervals and durations, and generally lower heights.
By Sam Martinez
Abstract: Sam Martinez and Jamie Espy visited Crystal Geyser, a CO2 driven cold–water geyser that has had periodic eruptions from a drill boring since 1936, on September 12, 13, and 14, 1976. Martinez’s previously unpublished report on the activity of Crystal Geyser is reproduced here, with a few typographical corrections.
By Jeff Cross
Abstract: Crystal Geyser, near Green River, Utah, erupts carbonated water following periodic overflow and related activity of Upper and Lower Aragonite Pools. Data for two eruptions are tabulated and analyzed. The observed behaviour is reminiscent of the Grand Geyser complex in Yellowstone National Park.
By Brian Davis
Abstract: The subsurface conduit structure of geysers is not well understood, primarily due to the difficulty in direct observation. Yet at least some characteristics of the eruptive patterns may be closely tied to the details of the conduit geometry, such as style of the eruption, regularity and series or “wild phase” behavior. A series of very closely related physical models were studied to try to determine how plumbing variations might influence the eruptive behaviours. Even for these very simple models, dramatic differences in behavior occurred with different geometries, even while holding the heat input, volume and depth constant.
By Jeff Cross
Abstract: The eruptions of some natural geysers are characterized by an atomized eruption column that is ejected from the geyser vent with a loud roaring sound. Through experiments with model geysers, it is demonstrated that the violence of the eruption, manifested by the sound of the eruption and the degree to which the erupted water is atomized, correlates with the initial temperature of the water over the range of 222°F (106°C) through 293°F (145°C). It is suggested that, since maximum permissible temperatures of liquid water within a geyser increase with depth, the violence of the eruption may be used to estimate a minimum depth for the geyser’s plumbing system.
Transaction Volume XI
By Mike Keller
Abstract: Starting in 1989, the author began observing and documenting the behavior of the geysers within the Terra Cotta Complex. During this time a total of 6 independent geysers and a total of 13 overall erupting vents were observed. The following article will discuss the observations made by the author over the past 20 years and provide a quick historical summary of the activity of the geysers in this area.
By Vicki Whitledge, Ryan Frank and James Hollman
Abstract: West Triplet and Rift Geysers in the Grand Group, Upper Geyser Basin, have been electronically monitored for a number of years. The eruptions times, from 2003 through 2008, derived from the electronic data, are analyzed. Basic descriptive statistics on these data and a quantitative description of the relationship between West Triplet and Rift geysers are given.
By Andrew Hafner
Abstract: On September 8, 1997, the author had the opportunity to observer a sequence of eruptive events in the Daisy Geyser Complex in Yellowstone’s Upper Geyser Basin. Following a short introduction to Splendid Geyser’s activity in 1996 and 1997, this article briefly describes the types of events that could occur while Splendid was in an active series and describes the events of September 8, 1997 in detail.
By Tara Cross
Abstract: The active cycle of Fan and Mortar from early 2000 to August 2005 was one of the best on record for the geysers. Fan and Mortar’s behavior during this period is summarized, with more detailed observations given for 2004 and 2005.
By Stephen Michael Gryc
Abstract: Ragged Spring and the unofficially named Jagged Spring erupt together. During the summer of 2008, eruptions were frequent with some bursts from Ragged reaching a height of 7 feet while bursts from Jagged occasionally reached 25 feet. This paper describes an eruption sequence typical of those seen on July 4, 5 and 6 and provides a summary of data from 173 eruptions logged during nearly 8 hours of observation.
Stephen Michael Gryc
Abstract: Green Spring in Black Sand Basin has been known to have infrequent episodes as a geyser. In July of 2008 the author witnessed what may have been the only eruption reported that summer. The characteristics and timing of that single eruption are described.
Photo Series Courtesy of the National Park Service, Summary by Tara Cross
By Lynn Stephens
Abstract: Mary Ann Moss’s observations and Mike Keller’s personal recollections of the September 1985 activity of Excelsior Geyser were printed in Transactions X. This article supplements their personal accounts and observations. Roderick (Rick) A. Hutchinson’s report, “Rejuvenation of Excelsior Geyser,” prepared on September 18, 1985, is included in this article. The article also includes correspondence between Hutchinson and Daryl Lafferty, a park visitor who first reported the eruptions, and comments from Rocco Paperiello about his observations of some of the 1985 eruptions.1 Reports of possible activity in 1946 and 1952 are also discussed.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: On relatively infrequent occasions, Great Fountain Geyser undergoes what is referred to as “wild phase” activity, in which it erupts with frequent bursts for total durations longer than two days. The wild phase that started on June 4, 2008, was perhaps the most closely observed of these events from start-to-finish and is described along with an historical perspective.
By Vicki Whitledge
Abstract: Geyser reports from 1900 to 1920 are scarce. (Keller 2002, 27) The advent of Google Books (books.google.com) has made the search for older publications about geysers easier than in the past. A document from 1919 titled “Reports of the Department of the Interior” by Franklin K. Lane was recently found on Google Books. This report is unique for the period in that it contains a table of geyser eruption times from the summer of 1919 and limited descriptions of geyser activity. This article presents the material relating to geysers in the Lane report along with analysis and commentary by the author based on comparisons current observations of geyser activity and information from other historical records.
Observations of Yellowstone geysers from a nineteenth-century account of a visit to the Park. Translated from the French book, La Terre des Merveilles, and annotated by Janet Chapple and Suzanne Cane
Abstract: Jules Joseph Leclercq, Belgian lawyer, world traveler, and president of the Royal Geographical Society of Belgium, visited Yellowstone Park in 1883 and published his lively account three years later. Until the twenty-first century, the only known partial translation of The Land of Wonders into English was unpublished and in the hands of Yellowstone Park Historian, Lee H. Whittlesey. For GOSA Transactions readers, the translators present a new translation of the six chapters Leclercq devotes to his unique observations of the geyser basins.
By Jeff Cross, Carlton Cross and Tara Cross
Abstract: From 1998 through 2009, several geysers in the Shoshone, Heart Lake, Lone Star and Gibbon Geyser Basins were monitored through the use of automatic data loggers. Data obtained via loggers is combined with data from literature sources and visual observations to describe the recent eruptive history of Glade Geyser, Double Geyser, Frill Spring, The Hydra, Buried Geyser, Phoenix Geyser and Oblique Geyser.
By Jeff Cross
Abstract: A model geyser, having two reservoirs and erupting in series with several minor eruptions preceding a single major eruption, is described. Minor eruptions originated in the upper reservoir and major eruptions originated in the lower reservoir. The mechanism by which the series occurs is described. Interactions between the two reservoirs constrained the major eruption to begin during specific parts of the minor eruption cycle.
By Masayuki Nagao, Yasuo Furushima, Atsushi Suzuki, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Tadashi Maruyama
Abstract: The periodicity of an underwater geyser in the Taketomi submarine hot spring in Yaeyama archipelago, Japan, has been investigated for the first time by Furushima et al. (Marine Technology Society Journal, 43(3), 13-22, 2009). After conducting a time-series analysis of the upward velocity using an acoustic current meter, they concluded the time cycle of the geyser responded to the tide. The time cycles of the geyser at high and low tide were 66 s and 41 s, respectively. They also considered the relationship between the temperatures of the heat source and the recharge water, based on the vertical tube theory (Yuhara and Seno, 1969), a physics model of an onshore geyser. Assuming that the heated domain was just below the sea floor, and that the temperature of the heat source (Q) was over 200 ºC, they calculated that a recharge water temperature (q0) of 117.96 ºC could sustain the observed time cycles at high and low tide. However, the relationship between Q and q0 can vary according to the underground depth of the heated domain (H). In this study we obtained a time series of H from the averaged integration of upward flux per each eruption, after assuming that the cross-sectional area of the vertical tube had a constant value throughout the vertical direction. Results showed that H ranged from 6.6 m to 14.9 m with an average of 9.9 m. With some exceptions, we could regard H as a constant value of 10 m, as the tide changed from high to low. Again according to the vertical tube theory, this new H of 10 m indicated that at least the Q must be above the boiling point of the recharge water (Q>133.82 °C), and to stably sustain the cycles, the conditions of Q > 200 °C and q0®q0s=130.57 °C are desirable. These estimations of Q were consistent with the previous estimations of the “deep underground water temperature” at the Taketomi Submarine Hot Spring, which ranged from 160 to 200 ˚C as reported by Kaneshima et al. (1983), Kimura et al. (1985) and Oomori (1987).
By Jeff Cross and Ron Keam
Abstract: It is sometimes suggested that a geyser can erupt periodically if and only if its plumbing system contains a constriction. In this paper, we examine the effect that the presence and absence of a constriction has on the function of a model geyser. One of us (J.C.) has shown by experiment that a model geyser that lacks a constriction can erupt periodically. We propose an explanation for this observation. We also describe a physical model that explains how a constriction, if present, can help initiate the eruption process in a geyser.
Correction to “Baby Daisy Geyser Activity in 2003-2004” by Ralph Taylor
Note regarding “Activity of Excelsior Geyser September 14-16, 1985” by Mary Ann Moss
Addendum to “Narcissus Geyser Eruption Patterns June 27-July 31, 2005” by T. Scott Bryan
Transactions Volume X
By Robin W. Renaut, R. Bernhart Owen, and John K. Ego
Abstract: Major changes in hydrothermal activity have accompanied frequent fluctuations in the level of Lake Bogoria, Kenya, during the past decade. Even minor changes in the levels of the lake surface and the shallow lake-marginal groundwater can have an impact on geyser behavior. Some geysers that were active during 2001 and 2005 had become weak hot springs or steam vents by August 2006 following a fall in lake level, whereas activity at other springs had increased. At Loburu delta on the western shore of the lake, the geyser activity increased, and one of the geysers, KL30, erupted on a regular 45-minute cycle to 5 m height. When active, KL30 is probably the highest natural geyser in Africa. In contrast, a major rise in lake level in 2007 suppressed activity at many of the geysers, including KL30.
By Stephen J. Eide
Abstract: “Improbable Geyser,” located on Geyser Hill, experienced a brief active phase in October and November 2005. This article summarizes its activity describing major eruptions and physical changes in the geyser’s formation.
By Vicki M. Whitledge and Ralph Taylor
Abstract: During the summers of 2005 and 2006 extra electronic data loggers were placed in the Grand Group. These loggers recorded the activity of Turban Geyser and Grand’s pool. Loggers were also in place on Grand Geyser, West Triplet Geyser, and Rift Geyser. This paper analyzes the data obtained from these five loggers and discusses some of the relationships among these features.
By Tara Cross
Abstract: Giant Geyser had one of its best active phases in recorded history from August 2005 through April 2008. A thorough study of reports, electronic data, and personal observations has been summarized. The article discusses Giant and its related features; its major phases of activity from August 6, 2005, through April 29, 2008, focusing on the period from April 2006 through November 2007; and dominant patterns of activity during that time.
By Thomas F. Magnera
Abstract: The eruptions of Grotto and Giant Geysers for the years 2000 through 2007 are analyzed by methods based on the duty cycle, the reset time, the maximum energy efficiency, the Hilbert transform of a frequency-modulated telegraph series, and Grotto-to-Giant intervals. Grotto’s transformation from a regular to irregular geyser after September 2005 is related to changes in the long-period modulation and increased average eruption duration. The reset time and duty cycle concepts allow the division of Grotto eruptions into two new types, each associated with a distinct average reset time. The Grotto-to-Giant interval analysis confirms a recent 9-hour rule for ‘recovery’ Giants, and puts a lower bound on the marathon interval that precedes an eruption of Giant.
By Jeff Cross
Abstract: Giant Geyser, Steamboat Geyser, Fan and Mortar Geysers, and Grand Geyser each erupt from complicated plumbing systems with two or more vents. The quiet interval between major eruptions of these geysers is punctuated by cycles of minor activity. During these cycles, the vents divide themselves into two groups which act antagonistically. Just prior to the major eruption, the antagonistic activity is replaced by concerted activity from all the vents. A hypothesis is presented to explain this observation.
By Ralph Taylor
Abstract: Baby Daisy geyser is located in the Old Road Group of the Upper Geyser Basin . It has had only three known periods of activity: 1952, lasting less than one year; 1959, lasting less than one year, and 2003-4, lasting from February 2003 to December 2004. This paper discusses the 2003-4 activity as reported by observers between February and June of 2003 and as recorded electronically from June 2003 to the end of the active cycle in December 2004.
By Lynn Stephens
Abstract: This paper describes eruptive behavior patterns of Flood Geyser. It also presents evidence that Flood Geyser’s longer and stronger eruptions are succeeded by longer intervals.
By Mary Ann Moss
Abstract: During its active episodes in the 1880s and 1890s, Excelsior Geyser was undoubtedly one of the tallest, most spectacular geysers the world has ever known. Historical accounts of Excelsior describe violent eruptions that were 300 feet tall and nearly as wide. However, the brief active phase in September 1985 remains the only known instance of major eruptions of Excelsior since it fell dormant in 1901. A few people were lucky enough to witness the 1985 activity, including Park Volunteer Mary Ann Moss, geyser gazer Mike Keller, and park employee Ed Wagner. What follows are their personal accounts and photographs documenting the unique activity of September 15 and 16, 1985. Mary Ann Moss was a volunteer for Park Geologist Rick Hutchinson, who asked her to take notes on the activity. She has shared her recollections here, along with the detailed notes she took, her photographs, and the original memorandum from Hutchinson . Supplementing this are additional photographs by Ed Wagner and a first-hand account by Mike Keller.
By Stephen Michael Gryc
Abstract: “Underhill Geyser” (known earlier as “Dragonfly Geyser”) has a brief recorded history of eruptive activity, and this article is the first published description of the feature. The author observed 32 eruptions over a period of two successive days in July of 2006. A typical eruption is described and a table of timed activity is provided.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: Narcissus Geyser’s pattern of alternating long and short intervals has been written about since at least the early 1980s. Electronic monitoring has made further analysis possible. This article examines the interval and duration data in July 2005, concluding that Narcissus’ unusual alternating pattern of long duration-short interval, short duration-long interval eruptions existed over 96% of the time.
By Jeff Cross
Abstract: The recent history of over 60 geysers in Yellowstone’s backcountry and undeveloped frontcountry thermal areas from1988 through 2006 is presented. My observations are compared with other observations during and immediately prior to the years covered by this study.
By Jeff Cross
Abstract: The object of this paper is to present a list of geysers that exist in the backcountry and undeveloped frontcountry thermal areas in Yellowstone National Park . Although many of these geysers are listed in T. Scott Bryan’s The Geysers of Yellowstone, reference to additional sources shows that a total of 529 known geysers in backcountry and undeveloped frontcountry areas have been active at some time since the Park’s creation in 1872. A detailed list of these 529 geysers, including name, location, and literature reference, is presented.
Transaction Volume IX
By Robin W. Renaut and R. Bernhart Owen
Abstract: At least 13 geysers have been active at Lake Bogoria in the Kenya Rift Valley during the past 25 years. The alkaline (pH 8-9.8) Na-HCO3 fluids are discharged from vents in volcanic rocks or littoral sediments located along the shoreline at Loburu, Chemurkeu, Koibobei, and Losaramat. Few of the geysers are predictable. Their behavior is strongly influenced by the prevailing lake level, which is controlled mainly by climatic changes. Rises in lake level increase discharge at some vents, while suppressing geyser activity at others. Falling levels can induce eruptions by exposing formerly submerged vents. Unlike most other geyser locations, siliceous sinter is absent around most of the vents because most of the discharged fluids are initially undersaturated with respect to amorphous silica. Travertine deposits, however, are present at most active geysers and spouting springs at Loburu and Chemurkeu. The geysers at Bogoria are probably the largest single group in Africa.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: The intervals of Beehive Geyser and of other geysers whose activity is known to be related to that of Beehive were monitored throughout the summer season of 2004. The result was the discovery of a number of complex relationships dominated by a previously unknown “monthly” cycle.
By Vicki Whitledge
Abstract: A relationship between the length of Grand Geyser’s interval and eruptions of Rift Geyser has long been suspected. The electronic data from 2003 was analyzed to investigate and attempt to quantify this relationship. A sample of 310 Grand eruption cycles was studied in more detail to determine the nature of the relationship between Grand and Rift Geysers. These data provide evidence of a statistical relationship between the timing of a Rift eruption start and the length of Grand’s interval. The nature of this relationship is discussed.
By Tara Cross
Abstract: Fan and Mortar Geysers continued activity during 2003, but as compared to 2002 their eruptions took place on more erratic intervals. This change was accompanied by significant changes in the activity of the minor vents during “event cycles.”
By Lynn Stephens
Abstract: Atomizer Geyser has an interesting pattern of activity—a series of minor eruptions leading up to the major eruption. During August 2003, detailed observations about the characteristics of Atomizer’s series of minor eruptions were made. This report describes the results of these observations and compares the conclusions with other reports about Atomizer’s behavior.
By Mike Keller
Abstract: In the summer of 1997 there was an increase in activity in Seismic Geyser that included the formation of a new vent, later named “Aftershock.” This paper will discuss the history of Seismic Geyser and detail the formation, growth, and activity of “Aftershock,” which was first noted in May 1999 and continued activity into March 2004.
By Stephen Michael Gryc
Abstract: Secluded Geyser, also known as UNNG-PMG-4, is a little-studied spring in the Pipeline Meadows Group of the Upper Geyser Basin . During June of 2004 it erupted in series. Data on the geyser is scant, but observations are given in the hope that others may become interested in adding to the information about this small but intriguing feature.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: The hot springs within the Pine Springs Group have seldom been documented, perhaps because no geyser activity of major scale has been observed there and because it historically was mostly been obscured from view by dense surrounding forest. During 2003-2004, the largest geyser eruptions known to have occurred within the group’s “North Annex” were observed. Those eruptions and other aspects of the Pine Springs’ activity are summarized here.
By Gordon R. Bower
Abstract: Dramatic changes in geyser activity occurred in the White Creek Group in summer of 1996, around the same time as a series of earthquakes west of the Lower Geyser Basin . Some of the new activity ended quickly, but other changes appear to have been permanent. Increases in Botryoidal Spring’s and A-0 Geyser’s intervals since 1997 have been accompanied by increases in durations, so that the overall energy flux has remained nearly constant. Some evidence of previously undocumented underground connections from Botryoidal Spring to A-0 Geyser and Great Fountain Geyser has been found.
By Gordon R. Bower
Abstract: Bead Geyser has an “every half hour like clockwork” reputation, yet its shortest and longest intervals on a single day often differ by as much as ten minutes. Most of these intervals fall into two tightly-clustered groups, one set being four minutes longer than the other set. Bead’s preplay is characterized by episodes of strong convection over the vent four minutes apart. This suggests an explanation for the interval distribution, and for how it is possible for Bead to appear highly regular at times and quite irregular at other times.
By Mike Keller
Abstract: The Kaleidoscope Group of geysers is one of Yellowstone’s most dynamic and changeable clusters of hot springs , but it is difficult to study because of restricted access. Here the group’s recent geyser activity is described, as well as the activity of selected geysers in the nearby Sprinkler Group.
By Clark Murray
Abstract: Taurus Spring has had a history of rare eruptions in the years since the 1959 earthquake. This activity is described, as are aspects of water level variations observed within the Orion Group of hot springs of which Taurus is a member.
By Jeff Cross
Abstract: Geyser activity observed at Heart Lake Geyser Basin from1993 through 2003 is described. Most notable is the exchange of function between Rustic geyser and a nearby unnamed geyser. A mode of eruption for Glade Geyser that has probably been occurring for many years is also described. The location and appearance of several probable fault scarps is also noted.
By Mike Keller
Abstract: This scattered area of acidic hot springs was investigated in September 2003 in order to document the thermal activity. As expected, no geysers were found, but there were fumaroles, frying pans and perpetual spouters among large, muddy pools.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: G.W. James in a 1907 publication described an area of “dead” mud pots near the west shore of the Salton Sea. The area involved is an intriguing one, but whether true mud pots have been active since the 1800s is questionable.
By William P. Moats
Abstract: The thermal springs and travertine deposits of Soda Dam, in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico , are associated with the nearby Valles Caldera, which bears a high-temperature geothermal system. This paper presents the results of a mapping project that defines the relationship between the springs and the local geologic setting.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: That geysers might exist within Bolivia should be no surprise, given their certain existence at no fewer than three localities not far across the border within Chile . However, although geysers have been reported to occur at six Bolivian locations, at none of those places have true geysers been confirmed to exist. This paper summarizes the bare knowledge available about these locations.
By J. Alan Glennon and Rhonda M. Pfaff
Abstract: Eruptive activity of carbon-dioxide-driven, cold-water geysers is similar to hot-water geysers, except that CO2 bubbles cause the eruption instead of steam. CO2-driven eruptions occur as CO2 degasses and expands, displacing overlying water. Many, if not most, cold-water geysers are actually manmade boreholes. Several such erupting wells, including Crystal and Woodside Geysers, are located near Green River, Utah. Similar to their naturally occurring counterparts, their exact eruptive activity may be erratic and change through time. Generally, however, frequency and power of Crystal and Woodside Geysers’ eruptions have been observed to be fairly consistent over the past decade. Cold-water geysers are known in France, Germany, New Zealand, Serbia, Slovakia, and the United States .
Transactions Volume VIII
Compiled by T. Scott Bryan
Editor’s Introduction: I first met Dr. White while working as a Ranger-Naturalist at Yellowstone’s Norris Geyser Basin during the summer of 1974. On one highly educational day I assisted him and his USGS field partner, Manuel Nathanson, on an all-day spring depth and temperature survey. I ws fortunate to also accompany him on several field trips in Yellowstone as well as during a formal mapping project of hydrothermal explosion breccia deposits east of Fishing Bridge.
In later years, Dr. White provided me with copies of numerous reports and publicaions, as well as a complete set of the USGS “Thermal Maps” that were produced during the 1960s. He strongly promoted all levels of education about geysers. In the course of several personal letters written to me, he encouraged my international geyser research and also, in writing, provided the positive review that convinced Colorado Associated University Press (old name) to publish the first edition of my The Geysers of Yellowstone , in 1979.
I feel privileged to have known Dr. White, at least a little bit, and believe there could be no better memorial in his honor than to publish the follow two items that bear on the preservation of geysers. The first is a Memorandum, typed on U.S. Geological Survey letterhead but intended for a New Zealand audience. The second is the text of a talk (and short question-answer session) he presented in New Zealand. In both articles, text that was underlined for emphasis by Dr. White is underlined here; hand written comments that he inserted into the copies he gave to me are inserted, in place within brackets.
By Marie Wolf
Abstract: With the exception of two brief episodes of action in 1968, the geysers of the Daisy Group were dormant from February 1961 until July 1971. This paper provides a record of the detailed observations that were conducted during the first three summers of this rejuvenation.
By Alan Glennon and Rhonda Pfaff
Abstract: El Tatio Geyser Field (locally known as Los Geiseres del Tatio) is located within the Andes Mountains of northern Chile at 4,200 meters above mean sea level, 150 kilometers east, southeast of Calama, Chile. With over 80 active geysers, El Tatio is the largest geyser field in the southern hemisphere and the third largest field in the world, following Yellowstone, USA, and Dolina Geizerov, Russia. From March 19-21, 2002, the authors visited the geothermal field to inventory the geysers and their behavior. Of over 110 erupting springs documented, more than 80 were identified as true geysers and an additional 30 were perpetual spouters. Despite reports that geyser activity occurred only in the morning, no abatement in activity was observed at any time within any part of the field. Although the observed activity was vigorous, eruptions commonly reached less than one meter. Of the erupting springs cataloged, the mean spouting height was 69 centimeters. Of the true geysers cataloged, the eruptions averaged 76 centimeters. El Tatio Geyser Field contains approximately 8 percent of the world’s geysers.
By Will Moats
Abstract: Many large and spectacular geysers at Yellowstone’s Upper Geyser Basin increased their eruptive activity between late-1996 and mid-1997, but whether or not Old Faithful Geyser participated in this change has not been considered. A statistical study of Old Faithful’s eruption height, interval, and duration was undertaken to investigate possible changes. In summary, although other geysers in the Upper Geyser Basin may have increased their activity over this time frame, Old Faithful did not.
By Tara Cross
Major eruptions by Link Geyser, the most significant geyser within the “Chain Lakes Complex” of springs, have generally been rare. This article provides a brief background history of Link, and describes its activity of 2002.
By Tara Cross
Abstract: During 2002, Fan and Mortar Geysers erupted at intervals ranging from about 2.5 days to about IO days. Cyclical minor activity between major eruptions was studied in an attempt to better predict eruptions. These observations showed some new behavior, while the basic pattern of activity remained consistent with that seen in previous years.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: A cursory analysis of all available eruption interval data for Artemisia Geyser, dating from the earliest years of known park history into 2003, reveals that the relatively frequent and regular eruptions seen during the 1980s were probably unusual. Artemisia may now be in a gradual process of reverting to highly infrequent and erratic but potentially more powerful behavior in the future.
By Mike Keller
Abstract: Twenty- nine geysers and three perpetual spouters out of
the nearly 50 springs historically known to have erupted within the Myriad Group were active during the three winter seasons of December 1998 through March 200 I. This paper summarizes the observations of that activity and,
additionally, provides general information based on the studies of prior and more recent seasons.
By Jeff Cross, Carlton Cross, and Tara Cross
Abstract: The discovery and recent activity of Phoenix Geyser, in the
Gibbon Hill Group of the Gibbon Geyser Basin, is presented in this short account.
By Jeff Cross, Tara Cross, and Carlton Cross
Abstract: Geyser activity from over seventy thermal features at Shoshone Geyser Basin between 1988 and early summer 2003 is described. The most notable activity occurred in the North Group from 1998 into 2003, where several new geysers began erupting and numerous other geysers either
rejuvenated or increased their activity. Two of these geysers erupted to at least 20 feet. In other parts of the geyser basin, Taurus Spring underwent major eruptions in 1997 and in 2003, for only the second and third times in recorded history. A new mode of activity for Minute Man Geyser developed over several years, beginning in the middle l990’s. Data logger studies carried out under an NPS research permit revealed that during 1998 and 1999, Frill Spring was erupting in series every 4 to 5 days.
By Jeff Cross, Tara Cross, and Carlton Cross
Abstract: Glade Geyser was active from 1997 through 2002. Intervals obtained during Jul y, August, and early September of these years varied from just over one hour to five days.
Research by T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: The hope of being able to date a glass lantern slide in my personal collection lead into research about the photographer and the person who apparently hired him to take the image. Only general information about the people was gained, but the photo probably dates to 1929.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: Recent maps concerned with the future of the Salton Sea
indicated the existence of mud pots at several previously undocumented localities near the known Wister Field and McDonald- Schrimpf Field. This paper resulted from research and field study about these mud pots as well as the general the geothermal history of the area.
Transaction Volume VII
Lynn Stephens
Abstract: As of December 31, 2001, Old Faithful’s average interval has lengthened by 15 minutes, or almost 20%, since 1988. This report reviews the record of Old Faithful’s average interval through the 1988 edition of The Story of Old Faithful (which included data through 1987), updates the record to contain additional summary statistics through 2001, and discusses some of the changes in Old Faithful’s intervals that have occurred in recent years.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: A cursory examination of eruption data for Beehive Geyser and Little Squirt Geyser indicates that the “Geyser Hill Wave” was operating in May 2002 much as it did in Summer 1992.
By Mike Keller
Abstract: Research in the archives of Yellowstone National Park revealed numerous eruptions of Giant Geyser previously unknown to modern observers. In this paper, this activity is discussed on a yearly basis. The newly discovered eruptions change our perception of the pattern of Giant’s activity during the 1900’s. George Marler believed Giant to erupt on a “five year cycle” of activity. This does not appear to be the case. Also, there seem to have been fundamental changes in Giant’s behavior three times this century (pre–1900 to 1947, 1949 to 1955, and 1978 to present.
By Mike Keller, with T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: Eruptive activity by any of the Purple Pools is rare, having been seen only in 1987, 1998 and 2000. South Purple Pool was active on each of those occasions. In 1987 and 1998, it was accompanied by East and North Purple Pools as they underwent their only known eruptions. In 1998 and 2000, South Purple was also joined by UNNG–GNT–1. This historic action is summarized in this paper.
By Tara Cross
Abstract: During 2001, Fan and Mortar Geysers erupted with relative frequency. Observations of the cyclical activity between major eruptions revealed consistent patterns of behavior. This article details the patterns that were observed in 2001 and discusses how this activity differed from that seen in previous years.
By Lynn Stephens
Abstract: This paper summarizes Slide Geyser’s activity from the inception of its known activity in 1974 through 2001. In general, during this history the geyser has shown gradually increasing intervals and slightly decreasing durations.
By Steve Gryc
Abstract: Five small hot springs located to the north of East Mustard Spring in Biscuit Basin were active as periodic geysers during June and July of 2001. This report describes the activity of the five springs and gives data related to their eruption times, durations and intervals.
By Nancy Bower
Abstract: Observations on small geysers in the northern portion of Biscuit Basin were conducted in 2002, prior to realizing that Steve Gryc had made similar observations during mid–summer 2001. A comparison of the two data sets indicates some significant changes in eruptive behavior.
By Ralph Taylor
Abstract: An electronic temperature recorder, or data logger, was deployed on Fountain Geyser beginning in August 2000. This paper discusses the data collection methods and analyzes trends in Fountain Geyser’s eruptive behavior as deduced from the temperature record from August 2000 to December 2001. A significant shift in eruption frequency and duration occurred following a period of “wild phase” activity in November 2000.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: The summer season of 1974 was among the most remarkable ever experienced at the Norris Geyser Basin. Most features with any record of previous activity played that year, often with great frequency, and a few features never previously known as geysers also underwent eruptive activity. Many details about this action were recorded by the naturalist staff in the handwritten logbook that was maintained at the Norris Museum. In fact, so intense was the geyser activity that many things that would be taken as extremely remarkable in later years were not recorded in 1974, because then it was ordinary. It is highly unfortunate that the Norris logbook of 1974 was misplaced for more than two decades before being located and made available during 1998. Here, then, is information about a special year that, until now, has gone largely unrecognized.
By Ralph C. Taylor and James B. Grigg
Abstract: The authors have been studying the Potts Hot Spring Basin under the auspices of the National Park Service, initially in Resource Management and in the past three years with the Yellowstone Center for Resources. During this study, one medium–sized geyser, informally named “Resurgent Geyser,” has been active each year. The initial vandalized condition, the repair of the damage, and the activity of Resurgent Geyser for the years 1997–2001 are discussed in this paper.
By Gudmundur Pálmason
Abstract: Geysir, the namesake of all geysers, reactivated following two earthquakes in June 2000. Geysir’s history and the rejuvenation are described in this paper, as is the action by its neighbor, Strokkur.
By A.D. Cody, R.F. Keam and K.M. Luketina
Abstract: The Rotorua geothermal field contains the largest, most spectacular and most consistently active geysers in New Zealand. The historic and current activities of these geysers are described in this paper.
By Katherine Luketina and Ashley D. Cody
Abstract: This paper provides a summary of geyser activity in each New Zealand thermal area, other than the Rotorua Geothermal System. Observational data is current to recent years and often into 2002.
By Dr. R.F. Keam
Abstract: Three thermal features in the Waimangu area, New Zealand, exhibit geyser–like intermittent activity without ejecting elevated water columns above their vents. This paper describes and defines these features as “crypto–geysers” and asks if similar features are known elsewhere (such as Yellowstone).
| By T. Scott Bryan Abstract: The important geyser fields of the world are remarkably small in areal extent. As illustration of this, these pages simply present a series of comparative maps. |
Transactions Volume VI
By H. Koenig
Abstract: During the early 1980s, Giantess Geyser erupted about once a week. After the Borah Peak earthquake of 1983, it reverted to its historical activity of infrequent eruptions. Before the earthquake, there was a pronounced tendency for longer intervals to result in strong, steam-phase eruptions, while short intervals tended to be aborted eruptions. Since the earthquake, there have been series of from one to three eruptions a few weeks apart, with several months to a year between the starts of series.
By Carl M. Bender and Daniel E. Bender
Abstract: This paper details a preliminary study of the pre-eruptive patterns of Oblong Geyser. Its purpose is to describe those patterns indicative of an eruption, and to propose a methodology for studying Oblong in the future.
By Gordon Bower
Abstract: Historical reports characterize Sprinkler geyser as a frequent but erratic performer. Observations in recent years have shown its eruption pattern to be regular and have revealed an annual increase and decrease in the level of activity. Two common statistical approaches to geyser study are applied to Sprinkler data and compared with more traditional methods.
By Ashley Cody
Introduction: Prior to the Wairakei geothermal power station and Ohakuri hydroelectric dam construction in the late 1950s, New Zealand had about 240 geysers. However, by the late 1960s only 40 some of these remained. These losses were directly attributed to human activity, most notable being the building of a geothermal power station at Wairakei 90 kms south of Rotorua, where approximately 90 geysers were lost by flooding. In the late 1980s Ohaaki power station was commissioned and one year after, no geysers or flowing alkaline hot springs remained there either.
At Taupo, the Waikato River channel was blasted in the 1950s to facilitate flows, which coincided with the cessation of all geyser activity at Taupo/Spa, along the riverside. At lake Rotomahana, the 1886 AD eruption of Mount Tarawera totally destroyed the Pink and White Terraces, but created the totally new geothermal system of Waimangu Valley; the only geothermal system worldwide created in historical records.
Today six geysers remain at Waiotapu; several to Waimangu and Rotomahana; a few at Ketetahi (on the northern slopes of Mount Tongariro); at least 26 at Orakeikorako; and 15 at Rotorua.
By Jack Hobart
Abstract: A series of shallow earthquakes beneath the White Creek area of Lower Geyser Basin energized Botryoidal Spring into a new mode of eruption in which regular eruptions were initiated by spectacular masses of bubbles and textured surface formations in the rising water column. This offered an unprecedented opportunity to observe this rare manifestation of surface tension effects in a geyser eruption. Observed eruptions were extremely regular and much larger than previously noted for this geyser. Many photos were obtained showing a wide variety of eruptive forms even though the observing session was quite brief.
By H. Koenig
Abstract: Oblique Geyser was located in the Gibbon Canyon, and was named in passing by A.C. Peale in 1878. Since that time, the location of that geyser has been lost. The name itself was then applied to another geyser in the Geyser Creek area, and the name forgotten. Finally, it was resurrected and is now being imposed on the wrong geyser. This report details how this came to happen.
By Mike Keller
Abstract: The following is a report on the extreme variability of “Pocket Basin Geyser,” and what one might expect in the attempt to view its eruptions.
By Lee Whittlesey
Abstract: The term “geyser gazer” is a more modern invention, but Yellowstone’s “geyser gazers” have existed as long as there was a national park, and perhaps even before there was a park. The following paper attempts to highlight a few of the more interesting geyser gazers of earlier times.
By David Starck
Abstract: A number of theories concerning the inter-relationships among the geysers of the Fountain Group have been proposed over the years. This is an attempt to find which relationships were dependable — at least during a few weeks in the summer of 1994.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: Beehive’s Indicator underwent its second known episode of frequent and regular eruptions without consequent play by Beehive Geyser. The start of this series and its relationship to eruptions by Dome Geyser and Giantess Geyser is briefly described.
By Ralph C. Taylor
Abstract: This report describes the activity of Pyramid Geyser, located near Daisy Geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park. The report briefly describes and classifies the observed activity. The activity of Pyramid Geyser was studied by periods of on-site observation and two weeks of recorded geyser activity during each year of the study using a temperature monitor.
By Rocco Paperiello
Abstract: This paper is an effort to describe the successive episodes of explosive activity which opened up both Wall Pool and Black Opal Pool in Biscuit Basin during this century.
No Abstract Given [Excerpts chronicling the interesting history of the use of this feature as a replacement for Handkerchief Pool.]
By Mike Keller
Abstract: Occasional eruptions of Flat Cone have been reported over the past decade. However, by the spring of 1992, Flat Cone Geyser became a regularly erupting feature. The area was visited on a number of occasions from May through October. This paper reports the activity of Flat Cone and other features.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: At no time on record in the past several decades did Castle Geyser undergo as many or as frequent minor eruptions as was the case in 1995. This presented the opportunity to check a number of stories about minor eruptions, and their intervals and durations as related to Castle’s “normal” major activity. By and large, the stories are factual enough that with attention to the details of the activity, Castle remains one of the most predictable geysers in Yellowstone, even when so-called unpredictable minor action is common.
By Lee Whittlesey, Rocco Paperiello and Mike Keller
No Abstract Given [Descriptions of and excerpts from the 125 page manuscript, the history at the time, vintage photos, a map of the Myriad Group and many interesting references are included in this paper.
By Jeff Cross
No Abstract Given [Details of observations by the author and others of many features at Shoshone Geyser Basin. Includes maps and photos.]
No Abstract Given [The author describes features seen under the surface of Shoshone Lake offshore from Shoshone Geyser Basin.]
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: During the unprecedented eruptive activity by Splendid Geyser during 1985 and 1986, it proved impossible to predict when an active series would begin or how long it would last. Within a series, however, there were some clear patterns. This paper summarizes a number of aspects of this activity, and relates the findings to Splendid’s activity of 1996.
By David Monteith
Abstract: Hillside Geyser at West Thumb Geyser Basin was active in the Fall of 1995. The following report describes the results of three days of observation of this geyser during late September 1995.
By David Monteith
No abstract Given [A photo display of the September 25, 1995 Giant eruption.]
By H. Koenig and Tomas Vachuda
Abstract: During 1983 and 1984 eruption data was collected at Flood Geyser which showed a linear correlation between the duration of an eruption and the length of the following interval. There was also a possible tri-modal distribution of intervals and durations.
By Kevin M. Short and Julie Knowles Raye
Abstract: In this paper we apply ideas of nonlinear dynamics to the time series of Plume eruption data collected by Heinrich Koenig in 1993. We note several well-known characteristic features of Plume’s eruption behavior: intermittency effects, indicated by a tendency to cease erupting, or “sleep”, for several hours each night; evidence of hysteresis, since eruptions “turn on” and “turn off” at different temperatures; and the “Giantess Effect” where eruption frequency increases and sleep periods disappear during eruptions of nearby Giantess Geyser. We provide an introduction to nonlinear analysis techniques and show how they can be useful in the analysis of the Plume time series. We then model the refill-reheat-erupt cycle of Plume with a non linear limit cycle which undergoes a subcritical Hopf bifurcation and develop a mechanism where the limit cycle is driven by a diurnal variation in temperature and the Geyser Hill Wave proposed by T. Scott Bryan. Finally, we show that this model can reproduce the characteristic intermittency and hysteresis exhibited by Plume, as well as the Giantess Effect. We also include a nonmathematical summary of our results in the Appendix.
By V.A. Droznin
Abstract: This paper serves as a brief introduction to the Kamchatka geyser basin. Included are explanations of geyser behavior, a description of significant features, and some results of recent studies related to the Kamchatka geysers.
Transaction Volume V
By Mike Keller
Abstract: An October 1993 attempt to clean out Blue Star Spring was imminently successful — vastly more kinds and quantities of trash were retrieved than had been anticipated. This short paper reports on this treasure.
By Ralph C. Taylor
Abstract: Plume Geyser has a history of periods of consistent activity punctuated by significant changes In behavior. underwent such a change in function during 1992 and 1993. A noticeable diurnal variation In Interval became evident In 1992. An 84-hour continuous study of Plume Geyser In early August by the author and other GOSA members revealed a less pronounced diurnal cycle than had been detected earlier In 1992. Observations of Plume Geyser In September. 1992 noted a return to the level of diurnal variation noted In July 1992.
In late 1992 Plume began to have longer Intervals which developed into long dormant periods In early 1993. In the spring of 1993. apparently triggered by an eruption of Giantess Geyser. Plume resumed activity .but with pronounced changes In Its eruptions. Both long-term temperature monitor studies and Visual observations confirm the changes from 1992 and earlier years.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: Goggles Spring and North Goggles Geyser are normally minor members of the Lion Group of geysers. North Goggles has undergone occasional brief episodes of major geyser activity, however, and in 1985 that action was joined by Goggles Spring. The eruptions in other years, such as 1993, have mostly been of a minor character. The differences between these two modes of activity are revealed in this paper .
By Rocco Paperiello
Abstract: The following is a brief history of the Round Spring Group with an emphasis on geyser activity. It is hopeful that this record will clear up some historical facts concerning this group of springs.
By Gordon R. Bower
Abstract: Daisy Geyser has been one of the most frequent and regular major geysers in Yellowstone since its recovery from dormancy in the early 1970s. In the past few years, it has become increasingly irregular. Possible effects of seismic phenomena, other thermal activity, and weather conditions upon Daisy are discussed. A new model of how Daisy is affected by wind and a revised set of necessary and sufficient conditions for an eruption to occur are proposed.
By Rocco Paperiello
Abstract: Grotto Fountain Geyser’s present activity is apparently not typical for much of its history. This paper chronicles its not well known early history, and its succession of names. A short sketch of related thermal features is also included.
Fountain Geyser
Lynn Stephens
Abstract: During June and July 1991, Fountain generally erupted from a nonover-flowing pool with intervals of 7.5 hours and durations of 40 minutes. However, a short time prior to Morning’s activity on July 4-5 and in August, Fountain’s intervals increased in length and variability, showing a second type of behavior. A third type of behavior occurred on July 4 and 5, and August 9, 28, and 29 when Fountain erupted in concert with Morning Geyser. These concerted eruptions were not earthquake induced. Instead, they seemed to be an above ground manifestation of an underground exchange of function between Fountain and Morning where the energy was balanced between the two. Following the August 9 concerted eruption, the energy shifted completely to Morning, as evidenced by Morning’s solo eruptions and Fountain’s dormancy for August 10 through 27. Fountain’s behavior from August 29 through early September demonstrated a fourth type of activity in 1991. This paper presents an analysis of Fountain Geyser’s activity from late May through early September 1991.
Jet Geyser
Lynn Stephens
Abstract: The exchange of function between Fountain and Morning in 1991 affected Jet’s cycle. Regardless of whether Fountain or Morning was active, UNNG-FTN- 2 demonstrated control over Jet’s cycle. The exchange of function also significantly affected Jet’s durations. Both variability and length of durations increased when Morning was active. This paper describes Jet’s behavior patterns during 1991.
UNNG-FTN-2 (“Super Frying Pan”)
Lynn Stephens
Abstract: This paper describes UNNG- FTN-2’s activity from July 22 -August 31, 1991. UNNG-FTN-2’s average interval and duration increased when the Fountain Com- plex switched from Fountain function to Morning function. The exchange of energy also weakened UNNG-FTN-2’s control over Jet.
Twig Geyser
Lynn Stephens
Abstract: During 1991, Twig Geyser erupted at irregular intervals ranging from 7 to 40 hours. Twig’s durations ranged from 50 minutes to over 5 hours. Some of the irregularity in both intervals and durations was associated with exchanges of function between Fountain and Morning. This paper describes Twig’s activity during 1991 and discusses the changes in Twig’s behavior that took place when the Fountain Complex switched from Fountain function to Morning function.
“Bearclaw Geyser” (‘Twig’s Satellite Vents”)
Lynn Stephens
Abstract: This paper describes the behavior patterns exhibited by Twig’s Satellite Vents during the summer of 1991. Twig’s Satellite Vents showed three adjustments to the exchange of function in the Fountain Complex that occurred on August 9. No evidence of connections with Twig was seen in 1991.
Spasm Geyser
Lynn Stephens
Abstract: During 1991 Spasm’s eruptions consisted of boiling and bursting activity a maximum of 1 meter above ground, with most bursts being 30 to 50 cm above ground level. All observed eruptions of Spasm started with muddy water, which turned clear 5-15 minutes into the eruption. Spasm’s intervals and durations changed when the Fountain complex switched from Fountain function to Morning function. Regardless of which major geyser in the Fountain Complex was active, Spasm’s intervals closely corresponded with the intervals of that major geyser. This paper describes Spasm’s behavior during the summer of 1991, and contains some speculations about causes for that behavior and underground connections among Spasm Fountain and Morning.
Clepsydra Geyser
Lynn Stephens
Abstract: During the summer of 1991, Clepsydra Geyser was in almost constant eruption, with the exceptions of pauses after Fountain’s eruptions and occasional pauses between eruptions of Morning. This paper describes observations of Clepsydra’s activity during the summer of 1991.
By Mike Keller
Abstract: Next to the Porcelain Basin portion of the Norris Geyser Basin, the Kaleidoscope Group might be Yellowstone’s most volatile thermal group. Numerous hydrothermal explosion craters can be found in the area. When the group is undergoing one of its “energy surges”, any hole is capable of displaying major eruptions. During the spring of 1988 and the early summer of 1991, the complex experienced such surges. This paper discusses the activity of the group during and after each surge.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: Column Spouter proved itself to be a true geyser during July 1992, when it was observed to undergo an extended period of inactivity. This cycle is described.
By Ralph C. Taylor
Abstract: This report describes Veteran Geyser, located in the Back Basin portion of Norris Geyser Basin. The report describes the geyser’s formation, describes and classifies the types of activity, and describes the activity observed on six days of intensive observation in 1991 and 1992.
By Mike Keller
Abstract: Without any pretense of descriptions or interpretations on the basis of only brief observations, active geysers were seen in each of eight Icelandic thermal areas during November 1993. This table presents these basic findings.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: The historic nature of geyser activity among the Nakama Springs at Savusavu, Fiji has been revealed by a review of published literature and several personal communications. In summary, intermittent boiling and small-scale geyser action have been observed on numerous occasions over the past 150+ years, but geysers of large size were seen only during one brief episode during 1878.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: The thermal areas on the North Island of New Zealand were visited between June 4 and 10, 1993. The following is a summary of the observations.
Transactions Volume IV
By T. Scott Bryan
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: In an effort to better understand the complex relationships between geysers and other thermal features on Geyser Hill, a comprehensive study of eruptive and water level variations was conducted during July, 1992. The results show that there are both long-term and daily (diurnal) cycles superimposed on a general but slight randomness. The causes of these apparently independent cycles are speculated on.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: An examination of eruption interval data for Giantess and Beehive Geysers during 1981-1983 and for Plume Geyser during 1989-1990 indicates that the Geyser Hill Wave has been in operation during this entire span of time in a fashion similar to that observed during 1992. A similar look at miscellaneous Plume Geyser data shows that its diurnal effect was either absent or only weakly present until 1989.
By Paul Strasser
Abstract: Most geyser aficionados have considered the historic record of the section of the Upper Geyser Basin extending from Fan Geyser to Riverside Geyser as essentially complete and understood. Specific records of geyser activity in this area extend back to the Washbum-Langford- Doane expedition of 1870; members of this expedition named a feature “Fan Geyser” and reported one of its displays.
By David Schwarz
Abstract: Fan and Mortar Geysers erupted relatively frequently during the summers of 1991 and 1992. Eruption intervals from three to four days In 1991 and two to three days In 1992 were most common. Observed cycle lengths averaged 60 minutes (+/-15 SD) in 1991 and 55 minutes (+/- 13 SD) in 1992. Almost all eruptions were preceded by either a River Vent pause or a short cycle with no play from Angle. No relationship was found between Fan and Mortar and Riverside Geyser or Link Geyser.
Clark Murray
Abstract: East Sentinel Geyser is a rarely seen geyser in the Morning Glory Group, located in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. An observed eruption in September 1991 led to the realization that East Sentinel is capable of two distinctly different types of activity, from two different vents within the same crater.
By David Leeking
Abstract: During five non-consecutive periods during July and August. 1985. Atomizer Geyser was observed in an effort to make the first-ever accurate determination as to its true eruptive nature. A total of 13 intervals between major eruptions were logged. Data was also obtained about the minor activity, which culminates in the major eruption. Notes about the activity since 1985 are included.
By Ralph C. Taylor
Abstract: This report describes the activity of Jewel Geyser during two short periods of observation in the summer of 1992. The number of bursts per eruption and eruption Intervals are contrasted with the values from the author’s observations in 1989, 1990, and 1991. The 1992 activity had significantly more bursts per eruption and longer intervals.
By Rocco Paperiello
Abstract: This report attempts to do three things. To present as complete an overview as possible of what features exist in the Fountain Group, especially its geysers. To present a short history of activity, with more emphasis on information which is not found in readily available sources. And lastly, to reexamine some of the history of these springs with an attempt to untangle the amazing history of name jumbling which has taken place over the years.
By Genean, Tom, and Chris Dunn
Abstract: Geyser Springs is a small geothermal area in the Gibbon Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. The area presents a varied mix of both alkaline and acidic thermal features, including fumaroles, geysers and mudpots. This report describes the features and their activity.
By Lee H. Whittlesey and Rocco A. Paperiello
Abstract: This report presents an account of our trip to a few infrequently or rarely visited thermal areas in the northern Mirror Plateau area of Yellowstone National Park. The areas visited are placed into an historical perspective, and some sketch maps are also included.
By Lee H. Whittlesey
Abstract: An analysis of diverse literature shows that Yellowstone was quite frequently visited during at least the 65 years prior to the so-called discovery by the Langford-Washburn-Doane Expedition of 1870. This chronology is confined to pre-1870 visits known to have seen and commented upon the thermal areas.
By Jeff Cross
Abstract: Mickey Hot Springs in southeastern Oregon is the site of a small geyser among about two dozen hot springs. This thermal area is described and mapped here. The cyclical activity shown by the geyser during three days in March 27-29, 1992 is included.
Dr. Tatyana I. Ustinova
Introduction: The following narrative was prepared by Dr. Tatyana Ustinova in preparation for the talk she presented to a group of GOSA members in Yellowstone on July 25, 1992. The original hand- written text was rewritten and edited byT .Scott Bryan and then reviewed by Dr. Ustinova, who has given her permission for this publication.
Transaction Volume III
By T. Scott Bryan
By Ralph C. Jr. and Brenda K. Taylor
Abstract: This report describes the results of the authors’ thermal observations from 3 August 1990 through 18 August 1990. The observations were made in Upper Geyser Basin, primarily on Geyser Hill and in Biscuit Basin, and at Norris Geyser Basin.
By Rocco Paperiello
Abstract: Recent discoveries have added much to the known activity record of Big Cub and Lioness Geysers, and have revealed an apparent activity relationship between them and Beehive Geyser.
By Lee H. Whittlesey
Abstract: The curious name “Mugwump” was applied to a geyser of the Three Sisters Springs. The history behind the name is described, and an attempt to identify the modem spring is made.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: Round Spring, a member of the Round Spring Group of Yellowstone’s Upper Geyser Basin, underwent an unusual phase of eruptive activity on May 25-26, 1990. Details are recorded in this paper.
By Tania Vincent and David Scheel
Abstract: This article expresses the speculation that a careful monitoring of the volume of Spiteful Geyser’s runoff into Fan Geyser might provide a clue to the timing of Fan and Mortar’s major eruptions.
By Ralph C. and Brenda K. Taylor
Abstract: This report describes the authors’ observations of Jewel Geyser in August, 1990 and May, 1991. Ninety five closed intervals over a total of twelve hours in 1990 and one hour in May, 1991 are included in the data. A mathematical model relating the ob- served number of bursts in an eruption to the subsequent interval described in a previous paper is updated with 1990 observations. The interval to the next eruption is predicted within 2 minutes by adding 4m25s plus lm5s for each observed burst in an eruption.
By Clark Murray
Abstract: Eruptions by Yellowstone’s Whistle Geyser have been very rare. The author witnessed an eruption from near its beginning and found the activity to be quite different from that of most previously published descriptions.
By Gordon Bower
Abstract: The Fountain Geyser Complex, including a minimum of eleven geysers, is located near Fountain Paint Pots, fourteen kilometers north of the Upper Geyser Basin. This paper discusses some aspects of the activity of the complex during the summer of 1990.
By Lynn Stephens
Abstract: After eight year’s of dormancy, Morning Geyser reactivated during the 1991 season. There were three observed periods of activity– one on May 4 and 5 with five known solo eruptions of Morning, one on July 4 and 5 with two concerted eruptions of Fountain and Morning, and one from August 9-29 that started with a concerted eruption of Fountain and Morning, was followed by 118 known solo eruptions of Morning, and concluded with two concerted eruptions of Fountain and Morning. This report describes the activity of Morning Geyser and other features in the Fountain Complex on May 4 and 5, 1991. (July and August activity are described in other reports.)
By Lynn Stephens
Abstract: Morning and Fountain geysers erupted in concert on July 4 and again on July 5, 1991. This report describes activity of geysers in the Fountain Complex for July 4 through 7, and compares the activity patterns during this time with those observed during the May 4 and 5, 1991, activity of Morning.
By Lynn Stephens
Abstract: The activity of Morning on May 4 and 5 and July 4 and 5, 1991, (discussed in separate reports) was just a prelude to its activity in August 1991, when Morning had three concerted eruptions with Fountain and 118 verifiable solo eruptions. This report summarizes Morning’s activity during the period August 9-29, 1991, and the impact Morning had on other geysers in the Fountain Complex.
By Lee H. Whittlesey
Abstract: An analysis of historical records indicates that the feature now known as Pinto Geyser is the same as that previously known as Arsenic Geyser, Twentieth Century Geyser, and Fireball Geyser. This confusing history is explained.
By Rocco Paperiello
Abstract: The identity of Arsenic Geyser has been confused throughout Yellowstone Park history , and the names Fan, Fireball, Twentieth Century , and Pinto have all apparently been applied to the same feature. This history is clarified.
By Allan Friedman
Abstract: Black Pool had never been known to erupt prior to August 15, 1991. After a month or so of gradual heating, an apparent steam explosion led into a short series of eruptions, which concluded on the same date.
By Gordon R. Bower
Abstract: Buried Geyser, a significant but little-known feature near Lone Star Geyser, was visited on two occasions during the 1990 season. This paper is a discussion of the eruption types and patterns that were observed.
By Jeff Cross
Abstract: In narrative form, observations conducted at the Shoshone Geyser Basin are summarized. Explanatory comments have been added by the editor of the Transactions.
By Rocco Paperiello
Abstract: A detailed set of tables and maps make up an inventory of the hot springs and geysers of the central portion of the Shoshone geyser Basin. An historical review of Union Geyser is presented. Finally, information concerning the current activity and the identity of Lion Geyser along with a nearby “new” geyser is presented.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: Modern authors have attempted to correlate Comstock’s [1873] Puffing Spring, Sand Spring and Hissing Spring with modem features within the Fissure Group of the Heart Lake Geyser Basin. I believe these correlations to be incorrect, and that a more careful analysis of Comstock’s admittedly brief description of these features places them within the Upper Group of the Heart Lake Geyser Basin.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: The status of geyser activity in the other localities of the United States, other than Yellowstone and Umnak, is poor.
By T. Scott Bryan
ABSTRACT: By comparing maps and descriptions of the hot springs and geysers on the main terrace at Beowawe, Nevada as they were during the 1940s and 1950s, an attempt has been made to correlate those features with the observed eruptive activity of the 1980s, which activity is also described.
By T. Scott Bryan and S.A. Liss
Abstract: Geologists with the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys have recently completed a study of the geysers and other hot springs along Geyser Creek, near Geyser Bight, on Umnak Island. Although the total number of enumerated springs is small, at least 12 active geysers have been observed during the years since 1947, making Geyser Bight among the most significant geyser fields in the world.
By T. Scott Bryan
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: A comparison of the geysers within Dolina Geizerov on the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia with those in Yellowstone National Park, New Zealand, Iceland, and El Tatio indicates that the angle at which geyser water is erupted and the type of eruption both are functions of how old the geyser is. In each case, the eruption form and attitude is controlled by surface and near-surface geyserite deposits whose development causes evolutionary changes in the geyser performance. In similar fashion, the frequency of a geyser’s eruptions can be related to the degree of system “self-sealing”, which is again a function of mineral deposition with time.
By T. Scott Bryan
Abstract: Annual “basin-wide disturbances” are well documented for the Norris Geyser Basin, but have generally received only passing discussion as a possibility in other areas of Yellowstone and elsewhere. However, a long-standing rule of thumb has been that the late summer season is the time most likely to see rare unpredictable eruptions and large-scale changes in Yellowstone geyser basins other than Norris. Perhaps this is because of a similar effect. Observations during August, 1986 provide evidence for such a disturbance within the geyser basins along the Firehole River.
The Geysers of ‘The Valley of Geysers’ KAMCHATKA – A Special Report of GOSA Transactions
By T. Scott Bryan
