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<font face="Comic Sans MS">This is very interesting, although the
abstract seems to suggest slightly different data than the
livescience article describes (so, yes, if anyone has access to
the full article, I also would like to see it if that's not a
violation of the terms for article retrieval). I have to wish
again that someone would also study a fountain geyser so the two
plumbing systems could be compared</font>. I've been curious about
whether a multiple-burst Grand or the really vigourous or superburst
Great Fountain eruptions are tapping a second or different part of
their aquifers. Also, I think the abstract is saying that this is a
reexamination of the 1992 data (which I thought used a fiberoptic
camera) and that what they've found is a previously unidentified
part of OF's plumbing system. Thanks, Jacob for the links!<br>
Karen Webb<br>
<div class="moz-signature"><br>
<img src="cid:part1.06030305.00050601@xmission.com" border="0"></div>
<br>
On 4/13/2013 8:20 AM, Jacob Young wrote:
<blockquote
cite="mid:1365862831.72994.YahooMailNeo@web142501.mail.bf1.yahoo.com"
type="cite">
<div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:times
new roman, new york, times, serif;font-size:12pt">
<div>
<div><font face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">An
article from </font><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.livescience.com/28699-old-faithful-hidden-cavern.html">http://www.livescience.com/28699-old-faithful-hidden-cavern.html</a> with
the text below</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family:
'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;
font-style: normal;">Here's the actual study: <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50422/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50422/abstract</a> <span
style="background-color: transparent;">If anyone could
send me the PDF of it, I'd appreciate it.</span></div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family:
'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;
font-style: normal;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family:
'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;
font-style: normal;">Full Text of LiveScience.com write-up:</div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family:
'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif;
background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><font
face="times new roman, new york, times, serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family:
'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif;
background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><font
face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">Old
Faithful's underground plumbing looks more like a bagpipe
than a flute, a new study of the Yellowstone National Park
geyser finds.</font></div>
<div><font face="times new roman, new york, times, serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family:
'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif;
background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><font
face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">A big
chamber sits about 50 feet (15 meters) underground,
located southwest of Old Faithful, researchers report in a
study published online March 30 in the journal Geophysical
Research Letters. The exact size can't be determined, but
they estimate the egg-shaped void is at least 50 feet (15
m) tall and 60 feet (18 m) wide. The cavern connects to a
pipe angled about 24 degrees that feeds Old Faithful's
maw.</font></div>
<div><font face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">Tiny
tremors extracted from seismic records collected in the
1990s revealed the shape of the cavern and geyser conduit.
Popping gas bubbles create the tremors. Not only do the
tremors map the shape of underground spaces, they can also
track water. For the first time, scientists have a clear
view of how Old Faithful works underground.</font></div>
<div><font face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">"We're
able to locate with one- to two-meter precision the place
where the boiling occurs," said Jean Vandemeulebrouck, a
geophysicist at the University of Savoie in France. "We
can see the water rising in the conduit."</font></div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family:
'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif;
background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><font
face="times new roman, new york, times, serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">How
Old Faithful works</font></div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family:
'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif;
background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><font
face="times new roman, new york, times, serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">Old
Faithful earned its name for its regular eruptions, which
average every 92 minutes.</font></div>
<div><font face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">Just
after an eruption, there's a 15-minute recharge period
with low water levels. Then for about 50 minutes, water
levels rise and seismic activity increases. The chamber
never empties, but as steam bubbles fill the chamber, they
can oscillate water in the conduit, eventually leading to
a violent steam explosion. The bubble trap is what helps
Old Faithful splash with smaller eruptions before fully
blowing its top.</font></div>
<div><font face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">The
research is another nail in the coffin for the
long-standing idea that big geysers erupt from long,
narrow tubes. Earlier this year, researchers working in
Kamchatka's Valley of the Geysers showed the Russian
geysers also erupted from conduits fed by caverns. As with
Old Faithful, the geysers explode because of underground
bubble traps.</font></div>
<div><font face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">Geysers
are rare features — only about 1,000 exist around the
world. To form a geyser, there must abundant groundwater,
a volcanic heat source to warm the water, open spaces so
the water can escape and a way to trap bubbles.</font></div>
<div><font face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">Vandemeulebrouck
is now collaborating with the U.S. Geological Survey to
study another Yellowstone National Park geyser, called
Lone Star. Their preliminary results are similar to Old
Faithful, he said. [Video: A Scenic Tour of Yellowstone
National Park]</font></div>
<div><font face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">"I
think this oscillating system is quite common in geysers,"
Vandemeulebrouck told OurAmazingPlanet.</font></div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family:
'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif;
background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><font
face="times new roman, new york, times, serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family:
'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif;
background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><font
face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">-----</font></div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family:
'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif;
background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><font
face="times new roman, new york, times, serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family:
'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif;
background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><font
face="times new roman, new york, times, serif">Jake Young</font></div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
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<pre wrap="">_______________________________________________
Geysers mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Geysers@lists.wallawalla.edu">Geysers@lists.wallawalla.edu</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://lists.wallawalla.edu/mailman/listinfo/geysers">https://lists.wallawalla.edu/mailman/listinfo/geysers</a></pre>
</blockquote>
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