[Geysers] LiveScience article, speculations on Norris uplift

[Freund, Udo]

Forces brewing deep beneath Yellowstone National Park
<http://www.livescience.com/php/video/player.php?video_id=yellowstone_qu
est>  could be making one of the largest volcanoes on Earth even bigger,
a new study reveals. 
In the past decade, part of the volcano has risen nearly 5 inches (12
centimeters), most likely due to a backup of flowing molten rock miles
below the planet's crust.
While the rise may not be noticeable to the casual hiker, the activity
may have cracked the crust in the park's famous Norris Geyser Basin
<http://www.livescience.com/animalworld/050420_yellowstone_microbes.html
> , leading to the formation of new fumaroles - holes that vent smoke
and gas - and the reawakening of some of the area's geysers, including
Steamboat, the largest geyser in the world.
Yellowstone last erupted about 640,000 years ago, spewing 240 cubic
miles (1,000 cubic kilometers) of material. Despite the newly discovered
activity, researchers don't expect it to erupt
<http://www.livescience.com/forcesofnature/050308_super_volcano.html>
any time soon. Eventually, however, it could explode again as a
super-volcano that would destroy life for hundreds of miles around and
coat the entire country in ash.
Up and down
Radar observations from the European Space Agency's ERS-2 satellite
reveal that the jellybean-shaped Yellowstone caldera - a giant
depression caused by past volcanic explosions - began to rise in 1995.
Although the caldera floor started to sink in late 1997, part of the
north rim, called the north rim uplift anomaly
<http://www.livescience.com/php/multimedia/imagedisplay/img_display.php?
pic=060301_caldera_change_02.jpg&cap=A+high-resolution+version+of+the+ra
dar+data.+This+shows+the+uplift+at+NUA+and+the+small-scale+areas+of+upli
ft+in+the+Norris+Mammoth+corridor.+Active+faults+are+marked+with+black+l
ines+and+the+approximate+caldera+rim+is+marked+with+a+heavy+black+dashed
+line.+Credit%3A+USGS> , continued rising until 2003.
Molten rock called magma rises from Earth's core under Sour Creek dome,
a major feature in the eastern section of the caldera. When the magma
reaches the mantle layer, six to 12 miles (10 to 20 kilometers) below
the surface, it spreads like a pancake before branching off into several
tunnels.
Magma flow is controlled by natural valves - one at Sour Creek dome that
lets magma enter the system, and others that allow it to flow out. The
outflow valve below the north rim uplift anomaly, however, can pass only
so much magma at once. 
"Magma's always coming up in Sour Creek dome and going through the
system," Charles Wicks, a research geophysicist at the U.S. Geological
Survey, told LiveScience. "But maybe there are pulses when more comes
up. That may be what causes the surface to rise."
The research is detailed in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature
<http://www.nature.com/> .
The pulses might be more than the outflow valve can handle - like trying
to squeeze all the toothpaste out of the tube at once. As the molten
material pushes out on the surrounding rock, the ground around the valve
expands and cracks. 
This could explain why the uplift anomaly has risen and the Norris
Geyser Basin has become more active, Wicks said. Another explanation is
that nearby geothermic changes and seismic activity altered the shape of
the valve, perhaps narrowing it. However, previous studies have
indicated that no such alterations have occurred, and that changes in
flow rate more likely cause these deformations.
Big changes
The 5-inch increase at the uplift anomaly probably wasn't noticed by
many tourists, but the changes in the Norris Geyser Basin were easily
spotted by some. After a nine-year period of inactivity, Steamboat
Geyser erupted in May 2000, and has erupted five times since. Reaching
more than 300 feet (90 meters) in the air, Steamboat produces the
highest plumes of any geyser in the world.
Since 1989, Pork Chop geyser was active only as a hot spring, but in the
summer of 2003 it reawakened as a geyser. Also that summer, several
footpaths near the Norris Geyser Basin were closed because of
near-boiling ground temperatures.
A 250-foot line of new fumaroles, holes venting hot smoke and gases,
formed near Nymph Lake to the north of the uplift anomaly.
"But when the [uplift anomaly] quit inflating in 2002 and 2003, the
thermal unrest died off too," Wicks said. "So we think there's pretty
good evidence for tying these events together."
Despite these changes, Wicks doesn't believe that Yellowstone is ready
to erupt.
"This is probably an ongoing feature in Yellowstone. We've only been
able to study it like this for 10 years, so we're still not sure what's
normal and what's not," Wicks said. "But there's no evidence yet to
suspect an eruption."
Also, the magma pancake serves as a thermal buffer that helps stabilize
the volcanic system against potentially dangerous sudden changes in
temperature.
(c) 2006 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved. 

Thanks,
Udo Freund
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